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Lactose intolerance is a condition resulting from an inability to digest lactose (which is a carbohydrate present in milk and milk products). This results in gastric symptoms including abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, nausea, etc. Pathophysiology Lactose intolerance occurs due to decreased levels or absence of enzyme lactase in the body. Lactose (a disaccharide) can’t be directly absorbed through the […]

Rh immune globulin is a blood product used as a medication to prevent Rh iso-immunisation. Other commonly used names are Anti-D gammaglobulin, anti-D (Rh o) immunoglobulin, anti-Rh immunoglobulin, anti-Rh o(D), D (Rh o) immune globulin, RhD immune globulin, Rh immune globulin, Rh-IG, and Rh o(D) immune human globulin. Brand Names It is marked under the […]

Amniocentesis is a medical procedure carried out on pregnant women. It is an invasive prenatal diagnostic test in which a small amount of amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus and analyzed for detecting various fetal disorders. What is amniotic fluid? Amniotic fluid is a clear yellow liquid that surrounds the developing fetus in the […]

The penis can be affected by a variety of conditions. Some are due to pathologies in the structures constituting penis. Many conditions are due to congenital anatomical variations of the Penis. Infection, tumors and psychological conditions are other causes. Conditions affecting the penis are discussed below Penile agenesis Penile agenesis is a condition where the […]

Endometriosis is a disorder in which tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus (the endometrium) grows outside the uterus. Endometriosis most commonly involves the ovaries, fallopian tubes and the tissue lining the pelvis. Rarely, it may spread beyond pelvic organs. This abnormally placed endometrial tissue continues to act as the normal endometrium. Due to […]

Tumor grading refers to its aggression. A staging system describes the location of the tumor and its spread to other parts of the body. There is no recommended systemic staging system for adult brain tumors because most primary tumors do not usually spread beyond the central nervous system. Grading of Brain Tumors [WHO] The histologic […]

Home pregnancy test kit is a commercially available kit that women can use to test the signs suggestive of pregnancy. Home pregnancy test kit measures the amount of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) present in the urine of the pregnant woman. There are many types of commercially available kits under different brand names but all work […]

Arteries are the large vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Human body circulation is divided into two types – pulmonary and systemic. Arteries of pulmonary system carry deoxygenated from the right ventricle to the lungs to get it oxygenated by lungs. This blood is then returned to the left atrium of the heart […]

CAM is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine. Typically conventional medicine is also called standard healthcare and is provided by qualified professionals. Complementary means treatments that are used along with conventional medicine. Alternative means treatments used in place of conventional medicine. […]

Venous access devices are the group devices ranging from peripheral iv cannula to central catheter used to access the venous circulation. Vascular access devices are inserted into veins via peripheral or central vessels for the purpose of diagnosis making or therapeutic reasons. These are Blood sampling Central venous pressure measurement Administration of medication and/or  fluids […]