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Stem Cells – Definition, Types and Uses

Stem cells are special types of cells which have the characteristic ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiating into a diverse range of specialized cell types. [Mitosis is a kind of cell division in which two similar cells are produced from one cell.] Stem cells are present in most multi-cellular organisms. The […]

Aplastic Anemia – Classification, Treatment and Prognosis

Aplastic anemia is a rare hematological (blood) disorder in which the bone marrow is damaged resulting in failure to produce all the three major types of blood cells. Bone marrow is a sponge-like tissue inside the bones that makes stem cells that develop into red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. Read […]

Grey Turner Sign, Cullen Sign and Their Significance

Grey Turner sign is ecchymosis or discoloration of the flanks occurring because of abdominal pathology. Classically it is associated with severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis often in association with Cullen’s sign (periumbilical ecchymosis) but it is not specific to that. The color of discoloration may be green, yellow, or purple depending on the degree of red […]

Modes of Disease Transmission

Infectiuous diseases have ability to spread from one individual to others. It is important to understand how does diseases spread. Mode of spread of disease is also called mode of disease transmission. This understanding helps us to curb the spread and take effective personal preventive measures. Different pathogens spread differently. After having infected one host, […]

Normal and Abnormal Breathing Patterns

Certain illnesses or injuries can cause changes in breathing. While some changes like change in frequency, depth, and dyspnea are frequently encountered and are quite non-specific, there are certain breathing patterns which indicate towards an underlying set of possible causes. These abnormal breathing patterns need to be understood and identified. Normal Breathing Pattern To define […]

Peripheral Blood Smear Procedure and Interpretation

Peripheral blood film or Peripheral blood smear or Peripheral smear examination forms an important and basic lab investigation for diagnosing a number of hematological (blood) disorders. With the advent of hematological automated machines, complete and highly accurate hematological data and parameters like complete blood count or CBC can be obtained within a few minutes. In […]