Diseases of endocrine system affects the endocrine organs – pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreatic islet cells and gonads. Metabolic disorders are condition which can be attributed to biochemical abnormality, enzyme defect and abnormal receptor mechanism. Hyperlipidaemia is an example of metabolic disorders. Both these groups of diseases often present as a constellation of otherwise […]
Presentation
Oral Examination of Patient
The oral examination provides valuable information about the health and well-being of the patient and is often an essential component of patient assessment. Infectious, trauma, congenital abnormalities and reactive processes common causes of problems in the oral cavity. Allergies to various substances and adverse effects of medicine can also affect oral cavity. Adequate lighting is […]
Gastrointestinal Diseases-Symptoms and Causes
Gastrointestinal diseases are diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract or digestive system tract is a system of serially connected organs from the mouth to the anus. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus are major regions of the digestive system. Symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases are of various types. These […]
Urinary Problems – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
Urinary problems are distressing and can be the cause of embarrassment too, both to men and women. Various underlying conditions can give rise to different kinds of urinary symptoms which may have similar, overlapping or different symptoms. For example, an infection can lead to frequent painful urination, an enlargement of the prostate can lead to […]
Heart Rate (Pulse) – Measurement and Significance
Heart rate is the number of times that our heart contracts or beats in a minute. The main function of the heart is to maintain adequate blood supply [Heart sends oxygenated blood to the body so that tissues could extract the oxygen for their use]. Therefore the rate varies according to the demands of the […]
Addison Disease: Symptoms and Treatment
Addison disease is also called as chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypocortisolism or hypocorticism. It is a rare disorder where the adrenal glands are not able to produce glucocorticoids and less often mineralocorticoids in sufficient quantity. The condition was first described by Dr. Thomas Addison, a British physician. Causes of Addison disease Adrenal dysgenesis This means adrenal […]
Causes of Abdominal Mass
For localization and communication purposes, the abdomen is divided into six regions These regions are Right and left Hypochondrium Epigastric Right and left lumbar umbilical Right and left iliac Hypogastrium A better classification, however, is that divides the abdomen into four quadrants namely Right Upper Left upper Right lower quadrant Left lower quadrant However, the […]
Clinical Examination Of Abdomen
Like all other examinations, the examination of the abdomen begins with the history of the patient. A patient of abdominal disorder may present with numerous symptoms which must be asked whilst taking the history and noted on examination. History The history begins by asking the patient about the main complaints. Then we move on to […]
Jugular Venous Pulse or Jugular venous Pressure or JVP
The jugular venous pressure or sometimes referred to as jugular venous pulse (jvp) is the indirectly observed pressure via visualization of the internal jugular vein. Normal Jugular Venous Pulse The normal JVP consists of three positive pulse waves a, c and v and two negative pulse waves x and y. The ‘A’ Wave The ‘a’ […]
Low Blood Pressure or Hypotension- Types, Causes and Treatment
Hypotension is a medical term for low blood pressure especially in systemic circulation [arterial circulation that supplies different organs of the body. Because the blood pressure is lowered, heart, brain, and other parts of the body do not get enough blood. The normal blood pressures are in the range of 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg. […]