The venous cutdown is a procedure where a vein is surgically exposed to establish a vascular access by inserting a cannula or catheter. It is mostly done in an emergency when there is no peripheral vein is available for putting a cannula for vascular access or in cases of trauma and hypovolemic shock patients when […]
Procedures
Alpha fetoprotein – Structure Function and Uses
Alpha fetoprotein is a plasma glycoprotein found in humans. It is the most abundant plasma protein synthesized by the human fetus. It is produced mainly by fetal liver and yolk sac during fetal development. Although synthesis drops markedly after birth, small amounts of alpha fetoprotein continue to be produced in the adult. Alpha fetoprotein levels in […]
Types of Biopsies and Their Applications
Biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of tissue/ cells is taken from the body, processed in a laboratory and then examined under a microscope. There are different types of biopsies which can be performed. The most common indication for a biopsy is to determine whether tissue or a tumor is malignant (cancerous) or […]
Biologic Skin Substitutes and Synthetic Skin Substitutes
Skin substitutes are wound coverage materials that aid in wound closure and replace the functions of the skin, either temporarily or permanently, depending on the product characteristics. Skin represents approximately 16% of the total body weight. Skin has main functions of protection of inner structures, important role in protein and vitamin D metabolism. Restoration of […]
Sterlization Methods and Their Use
Sterilization or sterilisation is the process that eliminates, removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of life and other biological agents such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spore forms, prions, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media. Sterilization has a very important role in making and keeping medical devices, implants, […]
What is Flap Surgery and Its Types
Flap surgery is a type of plastic and reconstructive surgery which involved flap, a unit of tissue] transfer from one site (donor site) to another (recipient site) while maintaining its own blood supply. A graft is a transfer of tissue without its own blood supply. This feature differentiates the two terms. Thus the graft survival depends […]
Skin Grafting – Indications and Procedure
Skin grafting is procedure of that transplants skin tissue from donor site, to the recipient site for reconstructing a defect in the skin. Most of the skin grafting tissues are autografts. An autograft is tissue transferred from one location to another on the same patient. An isograft is tissue transferred between two genetically identical individuals. […]
Pap Smear – Indications, Method and Significance
The Pap test or the Pap smear is a screening test to detect cervical cancer. In Pap testing, cells are collected from the cervix which is the lower end of the uterus. These cells are then examined microscopically to look for any abnormality. The significance of this procedure lies in the fact that it can […]
Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical and Vaginal Cytology
Bethesda system is a system for reporting cervical and vaginal cytology or Pap smear results. It was developed during a workshop sponsored by the National Cancer Institute at Bethesda, Maryland in the United States. It was first introduced in 1988 and later revised in 1991 and 2001. The primary objective of this system was to […]
Nasogastric Tube Insertion
Nasogastric tube insertion is a medical procedure in which a plastic tube ( nasogastric tube or NG tube or Ryle’s tube) is inserted into the stomach via the nose. This procedure provides access to the stomach and its contents for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Indications for Nasogastric Tube Insertion A nasogastric tube provides access to […]