Great saphenous vein and small saphenous veins are veins of the lower limb. The great saphenous vein is the longest vein in the body that originates near medial malleolus and goes up to the level of groin skin crease. blood from the foot, leg, and thigh to the deep femoral vein at the femoral triangle. It […]
Basics
Bezold Jarisch reflex
The Bezold-Jarisch reflex is a parasympathetic inhibitory reflex induced stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the heart, chemical or mechanical leading to leading to bradycardia, shallow respiration or low respiratory rate, vasodilation, and hypotension. Bezold Jarisch reflex is thought to be the basis of some unusual reactions where hyper stimulation of the myocardium paradoxically leads to profound […]
Antiseptics and Disinfectants – Types and Uses
Antiseptics and disinfectants are nonselective, anti-infective agents that are applied topically. In general, antiseptics are applied on tissues to suppress or prevent microbial infection. Disinfectants are germicidal compounds usually applied to inanimate surfaces. Both can be covered by more general term, biocide. Sometimes the same compound may act as an antiseptic and a disinfectant, depending […]
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization or FISH Test
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique used for the detection and localization of chromosomal sequences within tissues or cells. In this technique, fluorescent probes are used which bind to complementary chromosomal sequences, which can be visualized using a fluorescent microscope. It helps to visualize and map the genetic material in an individual […]
What is Scratch Reflex?
Scratch reflex is a response to activation of sensory neurons whose peripheral terminals are located on the surface of the body. During this reflex, a nearby limb reaches toward and rubs against the site on the body surface that has been stimulated. Rubbing the skin in response to itching is a type of scratch reflex. For scratch reflex, the […]
What is Plastic Surgery?
Surgical specialty or the surgical procedure that carries repair or reconstruction of lost, injured or deformed parts of the body chiefly by The scope of plastic surgery is quite wide and the spectrum involves a lot of procedures. Following is an incomplete list. Breast Reconstruction Burn Repair Surgery Congenital Defect Repair Cleft Palate Extremity Defect […]
Peripheral Blood Smear Procedure and Interpretation
Peripheral blood film or Peripheral blood smear or Peripheral smear examination forms an important and basic lab investigation for diagnosing a number of hematological (blood) disorders. With the advent of hematological automated machines, complete and highly accurate hematological data and parameters like complete blood count or CBC can be obtained within a few minutes. In […]
Skin Anatomy and Physiology
The skin is an important organ covers the entire external surface of the human body and it serves as a protective barrier that prevents internal tissues. Skin is a dynamic organ that undergoes continuous changes throughout life as outer layers are shed and replaced by inner layers. Skin also varies in thickness among anatomic location, […]
Portal Vein Anatomy and Clinical Significance
The portal vein is the large vein that collects blood from the abdominal part of the gastrointestinal tract from the lower third of esophagus to halfway down the anal canal including spleen, pancreas and gall bladder. It is also called hepatic portal vein. It is called portal vein because it begins in one set of […]
Reexpansion Pulmonary Edema
Reexpansion pulmonary edema is a non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema that occurs in the setting of rapid expansion of a collapsed lung. It results in acute onset shortness of breath that usually results within hours of re-expansion but can be delayed by 24 hours in some cases. It occurs following approximately 1% of pneumothorax re-expansions or thoracentesis […]