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You are here: Home / Diseases / Hematology / Acquired Hemophilia – Causes and Treatment

Acquired Hemophilia – Causes and Treatment

By Dr Arun Pal Singh

toc
    • Pathophysiology of Acquired Hemophilia
    • Causes of Acquired Hemophilia
    • Clinical Presentation of Acquired Hemophila
    • Differential Diagnoses
    • Diagnostic Work Up
    • Treatment of Acquired Hemophilia
    • Prognosis
    • References

Acquired hemophilia  is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by bleeding that occurs in patients with a personal and family history negative for hemorrhages.

In acquired hemophilia, the body produces antibodies [also known as inhibitors] that attack clotting factors, most often factor VIII.

The affected individuals develop complications associated with abnormal, uncontrolled bleeding into the muscles, skin and soft tissue and during surgery or following trauma.

acquired hemophilia

Autoantibodies against other factors have also been reported.

Acquired hemophilia is a rare disorder.

The incidence of acquired hemophilia A  is 0.2-1.5 case per 1 million persons per year,

The age distribution of acquired hemophilia is typically biphasic. There is a small peak in incidence in women aged 20-30 years, and a major peak in males aged 60-80 years. The vast majority cases of acquired hemophilia occur in older adults.

Acquired hemophilia has no known genetic inheritance pattern and is seen equally in men and women across all races.

Pathophysiology of Acquired Hemophilia

The immune system normally responds to a foreign substance by producing specialized proteins called antibodies.

When antibodies target healthy tissue they may be referred to as autoantibodies.

A triggering event such as an infection or underlying disorder may induce the immune system to produce autoantibodies.

Autoantibodies in acquired hemophilia are termed inhibitors because they inhibit the function of the affected clotting factor.

In approximately 50% of the patients, no underlying disorder or triggering event can be identified (idiopathic). The remaining 50% have coexisting conditions [see below]

The development of autoantibodies against factor VIII leads to factor VIII deficiency, which results in insufficient generation of thrombin by factor IXa and the factor VIIIa complex through the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade.

Though less common autoantibodies are known against factor IX , II, V, VII, X, XI, and XIII, as well as von Willebrand factor.

Causes of Acquired Hemophilia

The following conditions may be associated with acquired hemophilia A

  • Idiopathic
  • Pregnancy
  • Autoimmune disorders
    • Rheumatoid arthritis
    • Systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Multiple sclerosis
    • Temporal arteritis
    • Sjögren syndrome
    • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
    • Goodpasture syndrome
    • Myasthenia gravis
    • Graves disease
    • Autoimmune hypothyroidism
  • Inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis
  • Dermatologic disorders (eg, psoriasis, pemphigus)
  • Respiratory diseases (eg, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
  • Allergic drug reactions
    • Penicillin and its derivatives
    • Sulfamides
    • Phenytoin
    • Chloramphenicol
    • Methyldopa
    • Depot thioxanthene
    • Interferon alfa
    • Fludarabine
    • BCG vaccination
    • Desvenlafaxine
  • Diabetes
  • Acute hepatitis B infection
  • Acute hepatitis C infection
  • Malignancies-solid tumors
  • Hematologic malignancies
    • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
    • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
    • Multiple myeloma
    • Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
    • Myelodysplastic syndrome
    • Myelofibrosis
    • Erythroleukemia

Clinical Presentation of Acquired Hemophila

Patients with acquired hemophilia do not have a history of bleeding episodes [compare with hereditary hemophilia]. There is no family history of the bleeding disorders as well.

Typical signs of acquired hemophilia include

  • Overt bleeding
  • Epistaxis
  • Gastrointestinal bleeding- melena
  • Urologic bleeding – hematuria
  • Retroperitoneal hematomas.

Spontaneous bruising and muscle hematomas are most frequent.

Subglottic hemorrhage may threaten the airway.

Iatrogenic bleeding, particularly after attempts to insert intravenous lines could be present. Prolonged postpartum bleeding, excessive bleeding after trauma or surgery, and, occasionally, cerebral hemorrhage may also occur.

Intra-articular bleeding episodes are unusual in patients with acquired hemophilia. Instead, hemorrhages into the skin, muscles, or soft tissues and mucous membranes occur in most patients.

Overall, bleeding episodes are more frequent and severe in patients with acquired hemophilia than in patients with congenital hemophilia.

Differential Diagnoses

  • Congenital hemophilia
  • Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
  • Dysfibrinogenemia
  • Von Willebrand Disease

Diagnostic Work Up

 

Conduct the following
  • Bleeding time
  • Prothrombin time
  • Platelet count

 

If normal, conduct aPTT

 

 

If altered, consider other diagnosis

 

aPTTIf normal, consider other diagnoses

 

If prolonged  – Repeat aPTT after mixing normal plasma

 

Repeat aPTT after mixing with normal plasmaIf aPTT corrects, do following assay and quantify

Factor VII

Factor IX

Factor X

Factor XI

If aPTT does not correct

·         Screening for heparin

·         Screening for lupus anticoagulant

Screening for heparin and lupus anticoagulantIf either is positive, then that condition is present and should be treated accordingly
If both are negative, go for factor VIII assay and quantification of inhibitors if present

 

Other tests

MRI, CT and ultrasonography may be indicated to localize, quantify, and serially monitor the location and response of bleeding.

Treatment of Acquired Hemophilia

Spontaneous remission has been reported especially in postpartum cases and the cases secondary to an allergic drug reaction. Spontaneous remission can also occur in individuals who have low titer inhibitors. The exact percentage of patients that undergo spontaneous resolution is unknown.

The management of acquired hemophilia  focuses on the following goals

  • Controlling and preventing bleeding if present
  • Eradication of the inhibitor
  • Ttreatment of the underlying disease (if applicable).

Patients who have mild bleeding episodes may not require hemostatic therapy  and  immunosuppressive therapy should be initiated as soon possible.

Control of Bleeding

Moderate or Severe Bleeding, Inhibitors < 5 BU

Increasign  plasma FVIII levels to 30-50% by infusions of FVIII to patients with low-titer inhibitors may facilitate hemostasis. Patients with very low inhibitor titers (<3 BU) and residual FVIII activity may also benefit from treatment with desmopressin.

Moderate or Severe Bleeding, Inhibitors ≥ 5 BU

In these cases factor VIII concentrates and desmopressin are ineffective.

An agent that bypasses factor VIII, like recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) or an activated prothrombin complex concentrate (APCC) should be used.

Neither of these therapies is effective in all individuals.

Patients who do not respond to rFVIIa or APCC can either receive a combination of the 2 agents or undergo immunoadsorption/plasmapheresis.

 After plasmapheresis or immunoadsorption [Selectiveremoval of a desiredcompoundfrom a solution or a mixture,using an antibody or antigenthathasbeenbound to a large,insolublemolecule.], FVIII replacement should be initiated to achieve hemostasis.

Eradication of Inhibitor

This is done by of immunosuppression aims to restore normal hemostasis and minimize the patient’s risk of bleeding.

Therapy for eradicating inhibitors usually includes methylprednisolone alone or with cytotoxic agents like cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, vincristine, mycophenolate mofetil, and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine.

Immunosuppresants are associated with severe side effects.

Investigational Therapies

Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody has demonstrated promising results in eradicating inhibitors.

High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin has been used to eradicate inhibitors in AH. However, most reports have not shown encouraging results.

Surgical Measures for acute hemorrhage may be required in some cases.

These may involve ligature placement,  selective embolization electrocautery or cryotherapy.

Treatment of Underlying Disease

Treatment of underlying condition if feasible should be done. For example, underlying tumor  should be treated.

Prognosis

Acquired hemophilia can lead to severe morbidity and even mortality before it is correctly diagnosed. In general, the prognosis of patients with acquired hemophilia depends on the patient’s response to immunosuppression.

References

 

  • Franchini M. Acquired hemophilia A. Hematology. 2006 Apr. 11(2):119-25.
  • Collins PW. Management of acquired haemophilia A–more questions than answers. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2003 Jun. 14 Suppl 1:S23-7.
  • Chng WJ, Sum C, Kuperan P. Causes of isolated prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time in an acute care general hospital. Singapore Med J. 2005 Sep. 46(9):450-6.
  • Grunewald M, Beneke H, Güthner C, Germowitz A, Brommer A, Griesshammer M. Acquired haemophilia: experiences with a standardized approach. Haemophilia. 2001 Mar. 7(2):164-9.
  • Levi M, Levy JH, Andersen HF, Truloff D. Safety of recombinant activated factor VII in randomized clinical trials. N Engl J Med. 2010 Nov 4. 363(19):1791-800.
  • Sallah S. Treatment of acquired haemophilia with factor eight inhibitor bypassing activity. Haemophilia. 2004 Mar. 10(2):169-73.
  • Sallah S, Wan JY. Efficacy of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in refractory factor VIII inhibitors in persons without hemophilia. Blood. 2003 Feb 1. 101(3):943-5.
  • Kain S, Copeland TS, Leahy MF. Treatment of refractory autoimmune (acquired) haemophilia with anti-CD20 (rituximab). Br J Haematol. 2002 Nov. 119(2):578.
  • Wiestner A, Cho HJ, Asch AS, Michelis MA, Zeller JA, Peerschke EI, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of acquired factor VIII inhibitors. Blood. 2002 Nov 1. 100(9):3426-8.
  • Maillard H, Launay D, Hachulla E, Goudemand J, Lambert M, Morell-Dubois S, et al. Rituximab in postpartum-related acquired hemophilia. Am J Med. 2006 Jan. 119(1):86-8. .
  • Zeitler H, Ulrich-Merzenich G, Hess L, Konsek E, Unkrig C, Walger P, et al. Treatment of acquired hemophilia by the Bonn-Malmo Protocol: documentation of an in vivo immunomodulating concept. Blood. 2005 Mar 15. 105(6):2287-93.
  • Shobeiri SA, West EC, Kahn MJ, Nolan TE. Postpartum acquired hemophilia (factor VIII inhibitors): a case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2000 Dec. 55(12):729-37.
  • Tiede A, Hofbauer CJ, Werwitzke S, Knöbl PN, Gottstein S, Scharf RE, et al. Anti-factor VIII IgA as a potential marker of poor prognosis in acquired hemophilia A: results from the GTH-AH 01/2010 Study. Blood. 2016 Feb 24.

 

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