List of Causes of Arthritis

Causes of Arthritis

Acute arthritis

• Traumatic
• Infection: Gonorrhea, septic, typhoid, bacillary dysentery, rheumatic, Reiter’s syndrome, etc.
• Gout
• Scurvy
• Hemophilia
• Acute attacks in chronic arthritis

Chronic Arthritis

1. Infection: Tuberculosis, syphilis, rheumatic
2. Collagen disease: Rheumatoid, SLE, Polyarteritis nodosa
3. Degenerative: Ankylosing spondylitis
4. Neuropathic: Tabes dorsalis, syringomyelia
5. Miscellaneous: Hemophilia, gout.

How To Go About Joint Examination

Before proceeding to examination in any joint pathology, it is important to take a good history of the illness. It begins with questions like when did it begin, where is the pain or is there any swelling. History of trauma, tuberculosis, typhoid, exposure to venereal disease is important.

A note about any previous diseases like pneumonia, bacillary dysentery, bleeding tendencies, renal colic.  should be made.

Family history of hemophilia, tuberculosis gout, etc should be taken in detail.

Examination

Before you examine joints, one must perform a systemic examination. Joint examination begins by inspection of the joint followed by palpation. Then movements and measurements are tested.

A. Inspection:

1. Joints affected
2. Position of the joint and fixed deformity
3. Swelling
4. Signs of inflammation over the joint
5. Muscular wasting just above the joint

B. Palpation:

1. Local temperature
2. Tenderness
3. Swelling-fluctuant or non-fluctuant
4. Bony components and its relation to the joint

C. Movements

Both active and passive joint movements must be done.

1. Pain on movement
2. Restriction of movement
3. Excessive mobility
4. Protective muscular spasms
5. Grafting on movement

D. Measurements:

1. Length of the limb
2. Circumference of the limb
3. Relations of various bony points

Important Causes of Backache

• Physiological
  • Faulty posture
  • Individuals with thin built
  • Pregnancy

• Trauma
  • Prolapsed intervertebral disc
  • Lumbosacral strain
• Infection
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Spinal tuberculosis
• Neoplastic
  • Primary tumors
  • Secondaries following Malignacy
  • Multiple myeloma
• Metabolic
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Osteoporosis
  • Osteomalacia
• Congenital
  • Spina bifida
• Arthritis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Ankylosing spondylitis
• Referred pain
  • Pancreatitis
  • Retroperitoneal tumors
  • Cholecystitis
  • Diverticulitis
  • Retroverted uterus
  • Uterine prolapse
• Spinal deformities
  • Kyphosis
  • Scoliosis
  • Lordosis

Causes of Bleeding From Nose or Epistaxis

• Trauma to the nose
• Tumors of the nose
• Rhinitis
• Diphtheria
• Infective fevers like typhoid, malaria, measles, viral infections.
• Hypertension
• High altitude
• Collagen diseases like  Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Ehlers’ Danlos syndrome.
• Thrombocytopenias like  Leukemias, aplastic anemia, ITP
• Qualitative platelet defects like Glanzmann’s disease, von Willebrand’s disease.
• Coagulation disorders such as Hemophilia, afibrinogenemia, etc.
• Hypersplenism
• Vitamin B12 deficiency

Causes of Blood in Urine or Hematuria

Blood in urine is called hematuria in medical language. Hematuria can be due to local causes in genito urinary system or due to systemic (Involving body in general) diseases.

Blood in urine could be due to many diseases. Here is the list

• Renal:
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Renal infarction
  • Stones
  • Tumors
  • Tuberculosis
  • Interstitial nephritis
  • Papillary necrosis
  • Polycystic kidneys
• Ureteric:
  • Trauma
  • Tuberculosis
  • Stones
  • Neoplasms
• Bladder
  • Trauma,
  • Tuberculosis
  • Stones
  • Neoplasms
  • Cystitis
  • Following cyclophosphamide therapy

• Urethral

• • Trauma
  • Stones
  • Foreign body
  • Urethritis

• Prostatic
  • Prostitis
  • Neoplasms.
• Systemic disease
  • Diabetes
  • Amyloidosis
  • Collagen disease
  • DIC