What Are Causes of Fibrosis of Lung

Replacement of lung parenchyma with fibrous tissue is termed as fibrosis of the lung. It usually occurs due to a reparative or a reactive process.

Causes of pulmonary fibrosis are

 

Infections

  • Tuberculosis
  • Pyogenic infections like lung abcess or lobar pneumonia
  • Fungal infections of the lung

Pneumoconiosis

Results from breathing in coal dust [Read more...]

Causes Of Hemorrhagic Pleural Effusion

1. Trauma

2. Tuberculosis

3. Tumors

4. Acute Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis

5. Bleeding Disorders like Hemophilia

6. Coxsackie B virus infection

Causes of Acute Pleural Effusion

Unilateral Pleural Effusion

1. Trauma

2. Acute Pancreatitis

3. Pulmonary Infarction

4. Rupture of Esophagus

5. Dissecting aneurysm of aorta  with leakage into pleural space

6. Infections

7. Pleural Metastasis

8. Tumors of lung

9. Pleural metastasis

10 Rheumatoid diseases, SLE

7. Penetrating chest wounds

8.

 

Adolescents Should Have Routine HIV Testing – American Academy of Pediatrics

Pediatricians should offer routine HIV testing to adolescent and young adult patients, American Academy of Pediatrics recommends in academy’s new policy statement published November print issue of Pediatrics.

It says

In light of the increasing numbers of people with HIV/AIDS and missed opportunities for HIV testing, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention…recommends universal and routine HIV screening rather than targeted testing.

[Read more...]

A Small Trial Shows Gantenerumab Effective In Reducing Brain Amyloid in Alzheimer’s Disease

Treatment with gantenerumab, an anti–amyloid-β monoclonal antibody, results in a dose-dependent reduction in brain amyloid in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease, a small trial shows.

However the study found no  effects on cognitive measures and doubts whether any reduction in brain amyloid level will translate into clinical efficacy.

Findings  were reported online October 10 in the Archives of Neurology. [Read more...]

Premature Birth Is A High Risk For Epilepsy Even In Adulthood

Prematurely born babies have a very high risk for epilepsy, not only at age 5 or 6, but as young adults in their 20s and 30s. the fact has been pointed by a recent cohort  study from Sweden led by Casey Crump, MD.

The study found that people who were born very preterm [23 to 31 weeks of gestation] had a 5-fold increased risk for epilepsy at the ages of 25 to 37 years when compared those  who were born full-term.

The study has been published in the October issue of Neurology. [Read more...]

Frequent Use of Aspirin Associated With Early Aging Macula Disorder

Frequent use of aspirin is associated with early and late aging macula disorder (AMD). The risks for those problems appear to be linked to how often aspirin is consumed.

A study of nearly 4691 European patients aged 65 years or older  published online September 13 in Ophthalmology has published these findings.

Dr. de Jong and colleagues conducted a cross-sectional, population-based study using structured interviews to assess aspirin use and AMD in 4691 people living in 7 European countries – Norway, Estonia, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Greece, and Spain. [Read more...]

Fluid Balance, Water Depletion and Water Intoxication

There are are two sources of fluid in our body

  • Exogenous – What we ingest
  • Endogenous Water released from oxidation of ingested food

Water is lost from the body by following routes

  •  Lungs – About 400 ml of water is lost in expired air each 24 hours [More in . In a dry atmosphere and with higher respiration rate]
  • Skin – By perspiration is always occurring. Varies with the atmospheric temperature and humidity, muscular activity and body temperature. Average loss is between 600 and 1000 m per 24 hours.
  • Faeces. Between 60 and 150 ml per day, increases in diarrohea.
  • Urine – In a healthy adult,the normal urinary output is approximately 1500 mlin 24 hours [Minimum required to o excrete the end products of protein metabolism - 400 ml in 24 hours]

[Read more...]

Clinical Photograph of Varicose Veins

Varicose veins are veins that have become enlarged and tortuous.

The term commonly refers to the veins on the leg.

 

Varicose Veins

Varicose Veins In Left Leg

Varicose Veins in the above photograph were seen in a 56 years old male who visited the OPD for some other ailment.

Chronic Hemarthrosis In Hemophilia

Recurrent bleeding episodes in a joint can lead to chronic changes in the joint occur. These changes affect all of the tissues within and surrounding the joint: synovium and cartilage, capsule and ligaments, bone and muscles.

Chronic synovitis is usually seen in the first and second decades of life and the management of chronic hemophilic arthropathy depends on the stage at which it is seen.

Following stages are seen in hemarthroses in hemophilia. [Read more...]