Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique used for the detection and localization of chromosomal sequences within tissues or cells. In this technique, fluorescent probes are used which bind to complementary chromosomal sequences, which can be visualized using a fluorescent microscope. It helps to visualize and map the genetic material in an individual […]
Basics
What is Plastic Surgery?
Surgical specialty or the surgical procedure that carries repair or reconstruction of lost, injured or deformed parts of the body chiefly by The scope of plastic surgery is quite wide and the spectrum involves a lot of procedures. Following is an incomplete list. Breast Reconstruction Burn Repair Surgery Congenital Defect Repair Cleft Palate Extremity Defect […]
Peripheral Blood Smear Procedure and Interpretation
Peripheral blood film or Peripheral blood smear or Peripheral smear examination forms an important and basic lab investigation for diagnosing a number of hematological (blood) disorders. With the advent of hematological automated machines, complete and highly accurate hematological data and parameters like complete blood count or CBC can be obtained within a few minutes. In […]
Skin Anatomy and Physiology
The skin is an important organ covers the entire external surface of the human body and it serves as a protective barrier that prevents internal tissues. Skin is a dynamic organ that undergoes continuous changes throughout life as outer layers are shed and replaced by inner layers. Skin also varies in thickness among anatomic location, […]
Portal Vein Anatomy and Clinical Significance
The portal vein is the large vein that collects blood from the abdominal part of the gastrointestinal tract from the lower third of esophagus to halfway down the anal canal including spleen, pancreas and gall bladder. It is also called hepatic portal vein. It is called portal vein because it begins in one set of […]
Reexpansion Pulmonary Edema
Reexpansion pulmonary edema is a non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema that occurs in the setting of rapid expansion of a collapsed lung. It results in acute onset shortness of breath that usually results within hours of re-expansion but can be delayed by 24 hours in some cases. It occurs following approximately 1% of pneumothorax re-expansions or thoracentesis […]
Blood and Blood Products
Blood and blood products are used for transfusion in various situations in medicine. Blood products are also called blood based products. Here, it is pertinent to mention the term blood substitute which is a substance used to mimic and fulfill some functions of biological blood. It aims to provide an alternative to blood transfusion. Blood […]
Normal Acid Base balance and Its Disorders
Normal Acid Base Balance In healthy state, the pH of the blood or , blood hydrogen ion concentration lies within the range pH 7.3 6—7.44. If the pH is less than the lower value of this range, it is termed as acidic and if more than the higher value of the range, it is called […]
Wound Scars – Formation, Types and Remedies
Scars is an area of fibrous tissue (fibrosis) that replaces normal skin after injury. Scarring is a natural part of the healing process. Almost every wound except for those that are very superficial, every wound results in some degree of scarring. This includes surgical wounds as well. Pathophysiology Scar formation generally depends on the depth […]
Lymphatics of Lower limb and Lymph Nodes
The lymphatic system functions to drain tissue fluid, plasma proteins and other cellular debris back into the blood stream. Once this collection of substances enters the lymphatic vessels it is known as lymph. This then reaches lymph nodes which filter and is directed into the venous system. Most of the lymph from the lower limb […]