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MIVT Format of Prehospital Report – Mechanism–Injuries–Vital Signs–Treatment

July 26, 2009 By Leave a Comment

MIVT report category: (M) Mechanism
How did injury occur?
Presence of drugs or alcohol
Deaths at scene
Confounding issues

MIVT report category: (I)

Injuries Primary survey

Glasgow Coma Scale
Level of consciousness
MIVT report category: (V) Vital signs

Heart rate
Blood pressure
Respiratory rate
Oxygen saturation
Temperature (if applicable)

MIVT report category: (T) Treatment

Airway (airway management)
Breathing (oxygen administration, needle or tube thoracostomy)
Circulation (intravenous access established and fluids administered)
Disability—neurologic (spine precautions)
Extra information (medications administered, procedures performed)

Filed Under: Trauma Tagged With: , ,

Swine Flu Can Infect 40 percent of US

July 26, 2009 By Leave a Comment

There is a disturbing news about Swineflu. CDC has estimated that it might affect up to 40 percent of Americans this year and next. Several hundred thousandsare expected to die vaccine campaign and other measures.

Swine flu has already has killed about 300 Americans and sickened more than 1 million, comparable to a seasonal flu .

Flu cases may explode in the fall, when schools open and become germ factories, and the new estimates dramatize the need to have vaccines and other measures in place. [Read more...]

Filed Under: Swine Flu Tagged With: , , ,

Trauma Care Communication Of Patient Information

July 25, 2009 By Leave a Comment

All prehospital information abbout the trauma patients must be communicated efficiently and accurately with the receiving hospital to allow the receiving hospital to facilitate assessment and management upon patient arrival.

Information may be provided over the radio with involvement of a central despatch system or the communication mayu be given directly by the ambulance crew. Latter is thougth to be  a better method as there is direct talk .

passage and reception of the information must be systematic and standardized. [Read more...]

Filed Under: Trauma Tagged With: , , , , , , , , ,

What Are Types of Joints In Human Body

July 25, 2009 By Leave a Comment

Synarthrosis

Suture lines of the skull where adjoining cranial plates are separated by thin fibrous tissue.

Amphiarthroses

Adjacent bones are bound by flexible fibrocartilage that permits limited motion to occur.

For example the pubic symphysis, part of the sacroiliac joint, and intervertebral discs.

Diarthroses

These are the most common and most mobile joints. All have a synovial lining. They are subclassified into ball and socket (hip), hinge (interphalangeal), saddle (first carpometacarpal), and plane (patellofemoral) joints.

    Filed Under: Basics Sciences Tagged With: ,

    Musculoskeletal System – The Skeletal Muscles

    July 24, 2009 By Leave a Comment

    There are approximately 640 muscles in human body and muscles constitute up to 40 percent of the adult body mass.

    Skeletal muscle consists of cells called fibers. Fibers are grouped into fascicles.

    Skeletal fibers are part of motor unit. Motor unit consists of a lower motor neuron originating from a spinal cord anterior horn cell and all the muscle fibers it innervates. All muscle fibers within a motor unit are of the same type. Different fibers within a single fascicle are innervated by different motor neurons. [Read more...]

    Filed Under: Basics Sciences Tagged With: , ,

    RANKL – Receptor Activator of NF-κ B ligand

    July 23, 2009 By Leave a Comment

    RANKL (receptor activator of NF-κ B ligand) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is also called also known as TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE), osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL), and ODF (osteoclast differentiation factor).

    RANKL is a cell membrane-bound ligand on osteoblasts and activated T cells. It binds RANK on osteblasts precursors, which causes the osteoblast to differentiate and become activated. Osteoprotegrin (OPG) is a soluble, secreted member of the TNF receptor family that competitively binds RANKL and prevents its binding to RANK, thus inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.

    Expression of RANKL on osteoblasts is stimulated through

    • Vitamin D receptor (1,25 OH vitamin D3)
    • Protein kinase A (PGE2, parathyroid hormone)
    • gp 130 (IL-11)

    The periarticular osteoporosis seen on radiographs of individuals with inflammatory arthritis may be through local production of PGE2 and interleukins (TNFα, Il-1), causing up regulation of RANKL on osteoblasts and T cells leading to osteoclast activation.

    Filed Under: Basics Sciences Tagged With: , , ,

    Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

    July 22, 2009 By Leave a Comment

    There are three types of muscle fibers.

    Type 1 are slow twitch, oxidative fibers or red fibers. They  respond to electrical stimuli slowly. They can resist  fatigue with repeated stimulation. They possess many mitochondria and have a higher lipid content. Endurance training  enhances metabolism of these fibers.
    Type 2a  are fast twitch, oxidative-glycolytic fibers and have inttermediate properties between type 1 and type 2b.
    Type 2b  are fast twitch, glycolytic fibers. they are also called white fibers. They respond rapidly and with greater force of contraction but also fatigue rapidly. These fibers contain more glycogen and have higher myophosphorylase and myoadenylate deaminase activity.

    Strength training like weight lifting, sprinters, jumpers lead to hypertrophy of these fibers.

    Muscle contraction

    Muscle contraction occurs by shortening of myofilaments within muscle fibers. Stimulation causes an action potential to be transmitted along the sarcolemma, then through the T-tubule system to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This causes release of calcium into the sarcoplasm.

    As the calcium concentration increases, actin is released from a state of inhibition, allowing actin-myosin cross-linkage and shortening of the myofilaments. The muscle fiber shortens until calcium is actively pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which breaks the cross-links to normal fiber contraction and relaxation.

    Filed Under: Basics Sciences Tagged With: , , , ,

    Psoriasis

    July 21, 2009 By Leave a Comment

    psoriasis_on_backPsoriasis can start at almost any age and involves both the sexes equally. It manifests in a variety of forms.

    The most frequent manifestation is called plaque type psoriasis where the lesions characteristically consist of well demarcated erythematous plaques covered with loosely adherent silvery scales, the silvery colour of the scales becoming more prominent when attempts are made to scrape them off.

    The lesions vary in shape and size and with peripheral extension some lesions may coalesce to form large gyrate or geographical patterns. Extensor aspects of the extremities, particularly the elbows and the knees, the sacral region of the back and the scalp are the usual sites. Scalp involvement is rare in children. [Read more...]

    Filed Under: Skin Tagged With: , , , , ,

    Cellular Immunity Mediated By T Cells

    July 21, 2009 By Leave a Comment

        T cells are important part of  immunity. Depending on the roles they perform, T cells can be functionally classified into

        • Helper/inducer T cells
        • Suppressor T cells
        • Cyto-toxic T cells

        Most helper/inducer T cells express the CD4 cell-surface marker. The majority of cytotoxic T cells express the CD8 cell-surface marker.

        Suppressor T cells also classically express the CD8 cell-surface marker.

          The CD4+ helper T cells can be divided into two types: [Read more...]

          Filed Under: Basics Sciences Tagged With: , , , , , ,

          Albinism

          July 20, 2009 By Leave a Comment

          albinism_melanin_pigmentation1This is a group of disorders in which there is complete absence of melanin pigmentation in the skin and eyes. If the defect is in eyes and skin both it is known as oculo-cutaneous albinism. If it is  in the eyes alon, it is caled ocular albinism. There are ten types of OCA and 4 types of OA.

          All the types have normal numbers of melanocytes but cannot produce melanin because of an enzyme defect. [Read more...]

          Filed Under: Skin Tagged With: , , , , ,
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