Causes of Swelling In Hypogastrium

Parietal Swellings

Swelling in parietal layer

Urinary Bladder

1. Globular swelling in the hypogastrium which may extend from symphysis pubis to the umbilicus
2. The lump is tender and dull on percussion
3. Pressure induces a desire for micturition

Read more

Few Tips On Survival In Times Of Swine Flu

Swine flu is an illness which derives its name from a communicable virus that infects pigs. Once it comes to humans, the the virus can be transmitted from one person to another.

The symptoms of swine flu are like those manifested in a regular flu and may include cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, fever, chills and fatigue.

While government agencies are working on control of the outbreak, it is also necessary for people to educate themselves about this disease. Read more

What Is Scope of Swine Flu?

The World Health Organization has raised its alert level to 6. The WHO revealed that the influenza virus has the sustainability for human-to-human transmission and can cause community level outbreaks.

A similar outbreak known as bird flu was more risky than H1N1 virus. According to Professor Neil Ferguson of the World Health Organization, H1N1 is nothing when compared to other similar outbreaks such as SARS or the 1918 Spanish flu. Read more

Alcoholic Hepatitis

Alcoholic hepatitis is an inflammatory lesion characterized by infiltration of the liver with leucocytes, liver cell necrosis and alcoholic hyaline deposition.

Pathology

Liver cells are ballooned, degenerated and necrosed with infiltration with polymorphs and lymphocytes. Hepatocytes contain Mallory bodies or alcoholic hyaline which are clumps of perinuclear, deeply eosinophilic material that represents intermediate filaments.

Mallory bodies are also seen with morbid obesity, jejuno-ileal shunt, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, Wilson’s disease, Indian childhood cirrhosis, etc. Read more

Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Alcoholic fatty liver (AF) occurs in most heavy drinker but is reversible on cessation of alcohol consumption.

Pathology

The liver is enlarged, greasy, yellow and firm. Hepatocytes are distended with fatty vacuoles which pushes the nucleus to the periphery. This occurs because fatty acid oxidation is impaired and they are taken up by the cells and esterified to form triglycerides. Read more

Acute Viral Hepatitis

Acute viral hepatitis can be caused by any one of the Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis E and  Delta viru,Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, rubella virus and virus of yellow fever.

Hepatitis A Virus

This is a RNA virus transmitted by fecoral route. Incubation period is 2-6 weeks. It leads to acute hepatitis and  does not lead to chronic disease or carrier state. Jaundice does not occur in half of the patients.

Hepatitis B Virus

This is a DNA virus transmitted parenterally or sexual intercourse. Workers dealing with blood products are at a higher risk.. The incubation period is 2-25 weeks. About 10 percent patients develop chronic disease or a carrier state. Read more

How To Examine An Abdominal Lump

General Physical Examination

Appearance: Anemic, jaundiced or emaciated, Lymph nodes, especially supraclavicular.

Local Examination

Inspection:

  • Overlying skin
  • Position, size, shape and surface of the swelling
  • Movement of swelling  on respiration
  • Check sites of hernia
  • Observe scrotum for any fullness

Palpation: Read more

List of Causes of Ascites

  1. Cirrhosis of Liver
  2. Tuberculous Peritonitis
  3. Malignant Peritonitis
  4. Portal Vein Thrombosis
  5. Constrictive Pericarditis
  6. Budd Chiari Syndrome (Hepatic vein thrombosis)
  7. Bacterial Peritonitis
  8. Pancreatic Ascites
  9. Congestive Cardiac Failure
  10. Nephrosis
  11. Anemia, Hypoproteinemia
  12. Beri Beri
  13. Epidemic Dropsy

Ascites and Its Causes

Definition: Ascites is accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

Diagnosis

  • ascites-peritoneal-cavityGeneralized distension of abdomen with more fullness in the flanks
  • Fluid thrill
  • Horse-shoe-shaped and shifting dullness
  • Other signs:
  1. Transversely stretched umbilicus (laughing umbilicus)
  2. Divarication of recti
  3. Tense and shiny skin
  4. Widened subcostal angle
  5. Lower ribs pushed outwards and upwards

Read more

Swine Flu Vaccine – Development Is On Way

influenza-swine-vaccineAccording to the World Health Organization, efforts for developing a swine flu vaccine has been ongoing since the first human case of the virus has been confirmed.

Estimates place the initial doses of the vaccine will be administered in 5 to 6 months time.

While people diagnosed with H1N1 virus srecover, the disease has potential to kill the victim.Moreover it is important to administer the vaccine to more vulnerable population like individuals with a weak immune system, elderly etc. since they are prone to complications such as pneumonia.

Read more

Next Page »